Crime Is An Organization Essay - 2026 Words

1) So called â€Å"white collar† or â€Å"occupational† crime seems to be receiving more attention than ever these days, which is more of an indictment of its lax enforcement historically than of any indication of a truly reformed modern stance. What is meant is that this particular type of crime is so engrained into our culture that the famed Sociologist Edwin Sutherland estimates that fully 90% of our top seventy companies are â€Å"habitually criminal† in their actions (Schmalleger 404). Yet only recently has there been thought to the effect that these types of crime do serious harm to our society and should be punished accordingly. â€Å"White collar† crime is an umbrella label that can span the types of crimes committed by a large corporation against the public, like price fixing, anti-trust violations, defrauding of the public (Enron would be a good example of this), and other actions in violation of regulatory controls. The term can also be appl ied to more individual type crimes including embezzlement, insider trading, cronyism (the idea of sweetheart contracts (Lecture Notes 4/9)), as well as tax evasion. These two sub categories are quite different but have two striking similarities: both by their very nature require the offender to have attained a certain relative social position merely to have the opportunity to commit such a crime and both are far more prevalent and serious than ever realized. That is what makes these crimes so difficult to both define and uncover. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Yakuza a Large Crime Organization Essay654 Words   |  3 Pagesdoing. The yakuza is a large crime organization that has thousands of members that span throughout the entire world. 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This paperRead MoreLiterature Review on Fraud/White Collar Crime, Organizations, and Individuals1801 Words   |  8 PagesFraud and white-collar crime are common forms of crimes that people commit in various aspects and positions in the corporate world. Fraud and white-collar crimes hav e similar meaning as they refer to the non-violent crimes that people commit with the basic objective of gaining money using illegal means. The cases of white-collar crimes have been increasing exponentially in the 21st century due to the advent of technology because fraudsters apply technological tools in cheating, swindling, embezzlingRead MoreTackling The War On Drugs ( Cd ) And Combating Transnational Crime Organizations2286 Words   |  10 PagesINTRODUCTION Tackling the War on Drugs (CD) and Combating Transnational Crime Organizations (TCO) is an important national security problem. While addressing this issue in a scholastic forum, I immersed myself into this problem set using the guidance of assuming the role of Colonel Tim Killian. Utilizing the provided case and the ADIA framework and course concepts, I reviewed and assessed the information presented. The goal of Joint Task Force North (JTFN) J-5 is to develop a â€Å"strategy for militaryRead MoreResolving the Social Problem of Crime1313 Words   |  5 PagesResolving a Social Problem: As mentioned in the first assignment, one of the main social problems in the modern society is crime, which is basically defined as an offense against public law. Since it is a major social problem, crime has significant effects on victims, the society, and social institutions. Crime is a multi-faceted social problem because it involves personal responsibility as well as social, cultural, and political aspects that contribute to it. It is also a social problem thatRead MoreSocial Institutions and Organized Crime Essay914 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Institutions and Organized Crime Paul Blakey University of Phoenix CJA 384 30 January 2013 Social Institutions and Organized Crime Social Institutions are groups of people who have come together for a common purpose. These institutions have formed a common bond. They have done research and have concluded by joining they can achieve more. Some of the social institutions in the local community are the Boys and Girls Clubs, the Cub Scouts, the Girl Scouts. There are generally fiveRead MoreOrganized Crime And Criminal Behavior904 Words   |  4 Pagesperspective of â€Å"organized crime† groups that did not view them in any other context other than a criminal enterprise for ethnic groups. However, after several weeks of reading and research there is much more to the organizations. There are many groups that make up our society, and are considered social institutions. Organized crime groups are just one more of those social institutions. In this paper we will review the term social institution as it applies to organized crime, and reveal the theories

Kant And Kant s Theory - 1368 Words

Chapter 11: Question 8 What can be known According to Kant? Immanuel Kant (1731) was commonly known as the opponent of the utilitarianism. Kant believed that there are certain actions such as the murder, theft and lying that were prohibited regardless of the associated happiness that the action would bring. According to Kantian, there exist two questions, which human beings need to ask themselves before acting. One needs to rationalize, if everyone can act as he/ she proposes to act. If any case one gets no as an answer then such individual should not perform the intended act. Furthermore one also needs to consider whether his / her actions respect the human being goals or just merely using them for own selfish ambitions. In addition,†¦show more content†¦On the contrast, acting irrationally hence immorally the aspect of humanity is compromise. In analyzing philosophical overview, human beings should not speculate world nature around them rather they should perform a critique of their mental faculties. They should further investigate what can be known, define the limit of knowledge as well determine how sense making mental processes affect what is known (Arnold and Zwolinski 578) Chapter12: Question 8 What is altruism? Should we try to encourage it? If so, why? If not, why not? Altruism is a term that was coined by the scholar auguste Comte meaning selflessness. It is the principle that argues that people should worry about the welfare of others rather than their self-interests alone. Altruism is virtues that is widely encouraged in most religious groups and have been practiced by many traditional societies. According to Comte altruism, can be used as the basis of judging the morality of any action. An act can, therefore, be regarded as morally upright if it promotes the welfare of others. This concept became the principle argument in utilitarian theory that advocates on promoting happiness for the greatest number. Altruist aligns themselves with others. According to altruistic arguments, happiness in the human being can only be realized through engaging in acts that promote the wellbeing of other human beings (Campbell and Robert 300). Most families and societies embrace the importance of the

Buyer Behaviour

Question: Discuss about the Article for Buyer Behaviour. Answer: Introduction The current report deals with the buying behaviour of customers regarding the choices of holiday destinations. It is evident that while running a business, the organization needs to be aware of like, dislike, culture, life style and other segments. Thus, customer behaviour is one of the important aspects, which should be considered carefully. The volume of sales entirely depends on customers, thus, it is necessary to know about the factors that influence customer behaviour. The current report revolves three different questionnaires that include the choice of customers. In addition, the respondents given by the customers is linked three different theories such as personality theory, motivational theory and demographic theory. Analyzing the behaviour of the respondents based on personality theories Ranking evaluative criteria are different The ranking evaluative criteria are different of each respondent as there have been multiple factors associated with the decisions made by the customers (Hartmann and Apaolaza-Ibez 2012). For instance, it can be mentioned that the first respondent has given 1 (very poor) to cost charged for the destination of Spain, France and Italy. Whereas the 2nd respondent marked 4 (good) and the 3rd respondent marked 1 (very poor). This action helps to learn that cost designed for option 1 is not affordable since majority of customers gave poor rating to the cost designed for option. Hence, the behavior of above two respondents who have issues with the cost charged for option 1 can be linked with one particular characteristic of Freuds psychoanalytical theory. The aspect comes in the form of ego (Jonason et al. 2012). According to this particular characteristic, people tend to follow the principles of reality (Vance, Siponen and Pahnila 2012). When a majority of people accepts the same fact of r eality balancing the demands of social approval, a common characteristic is usually found in those people. This indicates that those people are much familiar with reality. In addition, the respondent, who has given good rating to the option 1 is considered as extravagant. In human development theory proposed by Freud, the child who experienced a poor toilet training in the initial stage human development becomes extravagant in nature. Thus, it can be mentioned that the respondent who has given rated 5 to option 1 has inability in decision making and his/her id is more active than others. Choices of holiday destination are different The choices give by the respondents of holiday destination are different from each other. There has also been a certain factor, which largely influence the decision made by the respondents. According to the opinions given by Freud, the people who have unconscious drives and instincts and follow the pleasure of principles generally have active id (Hopwood et al. 2012). This means they become extravagant in nature. Hence, the respondent who has selected the option 2 (Las Vegas) is extravagant in nature. It is evident that Las Vegas is one of the expensive holiday destinations in the world. On the contrary, the respondent who has selected option 6 (Barossa Valley) has a unique human nature. The individual with this particular kind has experienced stringent toilet training at the initial stage of human development. This kind of people tend seek more benefits with at minimum budgets. Analyzing the behaviour of the respondents based on demographic theories Ranking evaluative criteria are different Unlike the data findings discussed above, demographical factors could also influence the decisions made by the respondents. For example, culture and gender are the analytical whose application by demographic has always been criticized in anthropology. The individual who has rated 1 to the charge applied for option 1 (Spain, France and Italy) might have less disposal income than the individual who rated 5 to the same. On the contrary, it has also been identified that culture is also one of the significant factor, which could influence the decision-making practice individual (Solomon, Russell-Bennett and Previte 2012).The respondents, who has rated 2 to the option 5 (Gold Cost) due to some cultural factors. For example, the individual who has culturally been fond of food would not prefer to give the high rating as the food is excluded from the budget. Conversely, the individual, who has rated 5 for the accommodation to the option 2 (Las Vegas) is belong to Asia. The people belong to As ia prefer high quality of products since the disposal income comparatively higher than the people belong to Africa. Choices of holiday destination are different As discussed above the holiday destination can also can be influenced by demographical factor. As mentioned by Paul and Rana (2012), persons culture could influence his/her responses to survey questions. For example, the respondent who has selected the option 1 for holiday destination is culturally different from the individual who has selected the option 2 (Las Vegas) for holiday destination. The respondent who selected the option 2 is grown up with high financial benefits. As mentioned by Sashi (2012), the individual who has high disposal income may prefer to select the expensive holiday place. For example, self-employed people may prefer choose expensive location like Las Vegas. Conversely, the respondent who has selected the option for holiday destination likely has low disposal income. The people with low or average income usually avoid expensive places; instead, they prefer to choose the location, which provides all required benefits at low affordable price. Thus, it can be men tioned that persons culture, gender and income could largely influence their life style. Analyzing the behaviour of the respondents based on motivation theories Ranking evaluative criteria are different It is identified that like personal and demographical factor, motivational factor could also influence life style of individual. This could result in decision-making. There have been different theories of motivation such as Maslows hierarchy of needs and Herzbergs motivational hygiene theory that can be linked with the decision given by the respondents to the options given in the questionnaire. There have been five different types of needs that people have namely self-actualization, esteem, belongingness, safety and physiological needs (Luchs and Mooradian 2012). The physiological needs can be linked with food, water and sex. Thus, it can be mentioned that the respondent who has rated 5 for food to the option 3 (Las Vegas) tends to look for physiological satisfaction such as food. On the contrary, the respondent who has rated 2 for activities to the option 3 tends to look for safety. As hardly an individual prefers to spend a fortnight on cruise. The person may think of their physica l security. If accident occurs during the vacation inside the cruise, the medical benefits may not available for the customers. Thus, due to fear of security, people tend to avoid option 2 (New Zealand) Choices of holiday destination are different Like rating evaluative criteria, the choice of holiday destination can also be linked with the motivational factors. As discussed above, some fundamental needs of people can be categorized by real-world situations. For example, the individual who has selected the option 2 for holiday destination prefers or wants belongingness. Las Vegas is one of the best places in the world, where people visit to enjoy and experience the life of Casino. People also go there to try thei8r luck and earn money. In addition, the choice of Las Vegas can also be linked with the physiological needs such as money. The people, who belong to an affluent family, go there to try their luck at Casino. Conversely, the respondent who has chosen option 3 (New Zealand) tends to satisfy physiological needs such as food. The option 3 is provided with inclusion of all meals. Thus, this element makes people understand, as they do not have compromise with meals. In addition, the respondent who has selected the option 1 ( Spain, France and Italy) tends to look for the opportunity to satisfy their esteem needs such as recognition and maintenance of high status. The option 1 provides multiple types of benefits that are highly expensive; thus, the individuals who look for recognition may choose this option. Recommendation Characteristics of likeliest customers As mentioned by Lipsman et al. (2012), customers are the major resource of an organization; thus while setting up a new business or developing the existing business, it is necessary for the organizations to focus on identifying the needs of people. At the time of developing a new product or launching a new product in the market, the marketers could delve in to the psychology of people. It is identified that psychological factors could largely influence the buying behaviour of individual. On the contrary, the demographical and personal factors could influence the purchasing decisions of people largely. For example, the individual who is grown up with money and wealth would probably prefer to go to expensive places in the world. The individual with this particular nature does not hesitate about the cost. Thus, to attract this type people, the marketers need to focus on their products and services. The marketers should develop a high quality of products and services that is beyond the p erception of the customers. On the contrary, the individuals who prefer required benefits at minimum price have average family income. Thus, to convince individual with this particular nature, the marketers need to increase the number of items with the package at affordable price. In addition, the organizations in tourism industry need to develop their variety of products and services. In addition, at the time of designing the variety, it is important to focus on both demographical and motivational factors. For instance, the old people, who belong to the age above 50, would rather prefer to select the retirement package. As mentioned by Venkatesh, Thong and Xu (2012), newly married people also prefer to go expensive places; thus, the marketers should emphasizes on the products and services. Technique of attracting the customers by learning and memory theories As mentioned by Ifinedo (2012) learning could involve a change in the content or in the organization of long term memory and behaviour. There have been two different part involved in the definition of learning theory. The first part of the definition deals with the facts that are usually known to people, thus, people could put them in the right place to use, whereas the second part of the definition deals with concrete behaviour. This statement can be understood by a suitable example; many people may avoid foods that they consumed shortly before falling ill. As mentioned by Deci and Ryan (2012) learning is not always based on knowledge. For example, it has been observed that sales the executives in one particular store could become nice to customers than others in another store. Thus, people must develop a preference or like for that particular store over other. Nevertheless, Manzoor (2012) commented that people may not have the ability or skills to develop a conscious explanation as to the reasons for peoples preference. Conclusion On the completion of the report, it can be added that most demographical and motivational factors are the major factors that largely influence the purchasing decision of customers. However, with the development and innovation, the organizations in every industry have become more concerned with buying behaviour of people. The organizations, in the recent time tend to develop their products and services analyzing the life style, preference, and income people. Moreover, the organizations that run their business in global market find it easy to place their products and services as global market is a large platform, where varieties of people exist. Lastly, it can be added tourism industry is one of the growing industry; thus, the organizations in this industry should pay a serious attention on high quality of products and services. Reference List: Deci, E.L. and Ryan, R.M., 2012. Motivation, personality, and development within embedded social contexts: An overview of self-determination theory.The Oxford handbook of human motivation, pp.85-107. Hartmann, P. and Apaolaza-Ibez, V., 2012. Consumer attitude and purchase intention toward green energy brands: The roles of psychological benefits and environmental concern.Journal of Business Research,65(9), pp.1254-126 Hopwood, C.J., Thomas, K.M., Markon, K.E., Wright, A.G. and Krueger, R.F., 2012. DSM-5 personality traits and DSMIV personality disorders.Journal of Abnormal Psychology,121(2), p.424. Ifinedo, P., 2012. Understanding information systems security policy compliance: An integration of the theory of planned behavior and the protection motivation theory.Computers Security,31(1), pp.83-95. Jonason, P.K., Webster, G.D., Schmitt, D.P., Li, N.P. and Crysel, L., 2012. The antihero in popular culture: Life history theory and the dark triad personality traits.Review of General Psychology,16(2), p.192. Lipsman, A., Mudd, G., Rich, M. and Bruich, S., 2012. The Power of Like.Journal of Advertising research,52(1), pp.40-52 Luchs, M.G. and Mooradian, T.A., 2012. Sex, personality, and sustainable consumer behaviour: Elucidating the gender effect.Journal of Consumer Policy,35(1), pp.127-144. Manzoor, Q.A., 2012. Impact of employees motivation on organizational effectiveness.Business management and strategy,3(1), p.1. Paul, J. and Rana, J., 2012. Consumer behavior and purchase intention for organic food.Journal of consumer Marketing,29(6), pp.412-422. Sashi, C.M., 2012. Customer engagement, buyer-seller relationships, and social media.Management decision,50(2), pp.253-272. Solomon, M., Russell-Bennett, R. and Previte, J., 2012.Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education A Vance, A., Siponen, M. and Pahnila, S., 2012. Motivating IS security compliance: insights from habit and protection motivation theory.Information Management,49(3), pp.190-198 Venkatesh, V., Thong, J.Y. and Xu, X., 2012. Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology.MIS quarterly,36(1), pp.157-178

Nazi Ethics Debate Essays - Medical Ethics, Research Ethics

Nazi Ethics Debate Nazi Ethics Debate "In the interest of...saving lives, is it acceptable to make use of data collected through mutilation, torture, and death" (Campbell, 16)? That is the question which has been rearing its head in scientific research since the end of World War II. As man has sought to quench his thirst for knowledge, lines of ethicality have been drawn to preserve the integrity of science, and provide a framework from which man can improve upon the quality of human life. In Nazi concentration and death camps, the gruesome sibling of science matured. Nazi scientists, physicians, and scholars tore down the ethical framework of science in order to eliminate the genetically inferior, and ultimately, attempt to forge a ?pure' race of ?super-humans'. Members of the Nazi scientific community were to serve as "alert biological soldiers" (Crum, 33). These ?soldiers' conducted research on non-consenting camp inmates in order to "demonstrate a hereditary basis for group differences in behavioral and physical characteristics" in humans (Caplan, 286). The most well known experiments in this regard were the experiments conducted on twins at Auschwitz. The other goal of the Nazi scientists was to provide human data that could be applied to the war effort. Experimentation of this sort mainly probed the extremes, which the human body could tolerate in a hostile environment. The most famous experiment of this sort was the ?Dachau Hypothermia Study.' The rationale of the experiments was as follows: "A consequence of air combat and air campaigns was that pilots were shot down and landed in cold water. In addition, the German Navy was losing a large number of personnel in the cold North Sea. There were no data available to document how long the downed pilots could survive in the frigid North Sea. The solution to these questions, as well as others, was considered important by certain groups of Nazi administrators and scientists. From a historical point of view, at that time, the number of papers that had been published that dealt with human response to cold water and/or air was very limited...therefore, the German scientists were seeking answers to "legitimate scientific goals" (Caplan, 98). The last line, "...German scientists were seeking answers to ?legitimate scientific goals'", is the statement which is the prime concern of this paper. In order to accomplish their ?goals,' Nazi scientists conducted human experiments, virtually all of which, ended in the subjects' murder. How can answers to ?legitimate scientific goals' be found in murder? Should these experiments even be considered ?science'? Furthermore, should these experiments be allowed to provide quotable data to the modern scientific community? The debate on whether or not science should allow referencing to Nazi data rages. Objectors to using Nazi data, state that by using the data from the Nazis' human experimentation, researchers are not only endorsing, but also encouraging future unethical research. In addition, objectors maintain that the Nazi research was poorly designed and conducted so haphazardly, that it really doesn't even qualify as ?scientific'. They state, "scientific results depended upon protocols which were soaked in iniquity. In many experiments, it was ?control subjects', denied treatment, who suffered most and died. ?Sample size' meant truck loads of Jews. ?Significance' was an indication of misery, and ?response rate' a measure of torment" (Dixon, 31). Objectors to the use of Nazi research believe that nothing good will come from this research. They believe that using research gathered through murder endorses the methods used in the experiments. If this statement were to be contested, they would argue that to cite research is to say ?I believe in this work'. To believe in research, one must be inclined to repeat the original work and further investigate the topic. Objectors claim that this condition is never satisfied. They state, "We do not, to be specific, replicate the Nazi experiments. ?We' do not do it. The Nazis did" (Campbell, 18). Objectors believe that a scientist above all else is a human, thus, he must recognize himself as a moral being. Since humans were murdered in these experiments, the data collected should be considered ?tainted'. No moral being should associate with tainted data. Objectors also believe that the methodology of these experiments cannot be considered ?science'. In regard to the infamous hypothermia experiments at Dachau, United States Brigadier General Telford Taylor, claimed that, "these experiments revealed nothing which civilized medicine can use" (Moe, 5). Further opinions from objectors dissect the reliability of the research. Arnold Relman, editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, states that Nazi experiments "are such a gross violation of human standards that they are not to be trusted at all...how can you trust a man